Which of the following techniques helps relate graphemes to phonemes in spelling?

The technique of linkage is particularly effective in connecting graphemes (the written letters or letter combinations that represent sounds) to phonemes (the individual sounds in spoken language) during the spelling process. Linkage emphasizes the relationship between the way words are spelled and how they are pronounced, making it a key strategy in teaching spelling within a multi-sensory structured language education framework.

By utilizing linkage, educators guide students in drawing connections between visual representations of letters and their corresponding sounds, helping them to understand not only the formation of words but also their phonetic components. This can enhance spelling skills and contribute to overall literacy development.

While other approaches like IRD (Intensive Reading Directed), Reading A-Z, and Structured Literacy each have their own benefits and contexts, they do not specifically focus on the direct relationship between graphemes and phonemes in the same explicit manner that linkage does. Thus, linkage stands out as a technique that directly fosters understanding in spelling through this sound-letter association.