Which ancient civilization developed cuneiform writing around 2500 BC?

The Sumerians developed cuneiform writing around 2500 BC, marking a significant advancement in human communication and record-keeping. This writing system, characterized by its wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets, was one of the earliest forms of written expression and played a critical role in the administration, trade, and culture of ancient Mesopotamia.

Cuneiform was initially used for keeping records and accounting, and it evolved over time to include more complex literary and legal texts, showcasing the Sumerians' contributions to civilization. Their innovations in writing laid the foundation for subsequent writing systems in the region and greatly influenced later cultures, including the Akkadians and Babylonians.

The other civilizations mentioned, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Phoenicians, developed their own systems of writing at different times and for different purposes. However, none of them created cuneiform, making the Sumerians the pioneers of this particular writing form.