What is characterized as a process that utilizes experiences and expectations to engage with text?

The correct answer identifies the concept-driven process as one that utilizes experiences and expectations to engage with text. This approach emphasizes the importance of background knowledge and personal experiences in understanding and interpreting written material. Through a concept-driven process, readers draw upon their prior knowledge, cultural references, and contextual clues to make meaning of the text, allowing for a deeper and more nuanced understanding.

By engaging with text in this manner, readers are able to create connections, draw inferences, and develop a more comprehensive comprehension of the material. This process is not merely about decoding letters and sounds, nor is it a linear step-by-step interaction with the text; rather, it is an interactive and dynamic process that reflects the complexity of how we derive meaning from reading.

In contrast, other processes mentioned, such as phonics-driven or bottom-up processes, focus more on the mechanical aspects of reading, such as decoding and recognizing individual letter sounds. A subtractive process, which implies the removal or inability to add meaning, is not relevant to how engagement with text occurs and does not encompass the use of experiences and expectations.