What are the five main components of reading instruction?

The five main components of reading instruction are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Phonemic awareness involves the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in words, which is foundational for developing reading skills. Phonics refers to the relationship between letters and sounds, allowing students to decode words. Fluency is the ability to read text smoothly and accurately, which supports comprehension. Vocabulary encompasses the range of words that a child understands and uses, impacting their ability to make meaning from texts. Finally, comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading, as it is the ability to understand and interpret what is being read. Together, these components create a comprehensive framework for effective reading instruction and help students develop strong literacy skills.